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"covertext": "The Ten Plagues We remove one drop of wine from our cups with each plague as we think of those who were lost for our fre...",
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"body": "<p>The Ten Plagues<br />\nWe remove one drop of wine from our cups with each plague as we think of those who were lost for our freedom.</p>\n",
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"covertext": "Arrival in Egypt: Jacob and his children had arrived in Egypt to be close Joseph; he was second in command to King Phara...",
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"body": "<p>Arrival in Egypt:</p>\n\n<p>Jacob and his children had arrived in Egypt to be close Joseph; he was second in command to King Pharaoh, and with his ingenuity had saved the people of Egypt, and by extension those from neighboring countries, from death by famine. Jacob and his children were settled in the city of Goshen and prospered wonderfully--their numbers grew and grew. As long as Jacob's son's are alive, the Children of Israel are accorded honor and respect, but after the passing of Joseph, \"There arose a new king in Egypt who knew not Joseph\"--some commentaries say, chose not to know Joseph--\"And he said to his people. 'Behold the Children of Israel are more and mightier than we. Come, let us deal wisely with them; lest they multiply...'\"(Exodus 1:8-10). Enslavement The Egyptians' way of dealing with their \"Jewish Problem\" is to enslave the Jews. They are all forced into backbreaking labor, compelled to build cities of treasure houses for Pharaoh. But still, the Jews continue to multiply, to Pharaoh's eyes, at an ever frightening pace. To put a stop to this, Pharaoh summons the Jewish midwives, Shifra and Puah, and commands them to kill all Jewish newborn males. This, he is certain, will put an end to the propagation of this race. When the midwives defy his order, he commands that they cast all the newborn males into the Nile--his stargazers had predicted that the savior of the Jews would die through water--and Pharaoh hopes his plan will ensure an early death for any potential Jewish leader.</p>\n\n<p>Moses' Birth:</p>\n\n<p>Jocheved, the wife of the Levite Amram, gives birth to a son. Because he is born three months early, she is able to conceal him for that amount of time. When she can no longer hide him, she builds a small water-proof cradle and puts her child on the brink of the Nile. The child's sister, Miriam, hides among the brush to watch the child. Pharaoh's daughter comes to bathe in the river when she sees the floating cradle. When she opens it and sees the weeping baby, she realizes that this is a Jewish child, but her compassion is aroused and she resolves to take the baby home. She names him Moses \"he who was drawn from the water.\" Miriam approaches the princess and offers to find a wet-nurse for the baby. When Pharaoh's daughter accepts, Miriam brings her Jocheved, whom Pharaoh's daughter hires to nurse and care for the child. When Moses grows older, he is returned to the palace, where Pharaoh's daughter raises him like a son.</p>\n\n<p>Moses as Leader:</p>\n\n<p>As a young man,Moses leaves the palace and discovers the hardship of his brethren. He sees an Egyptian beating a Hebrew and kills the Egyptian. The next day he sees two Jews fighting; when he admonishes them, they reveal his deed of the previous day, and Moses is forced to flee to Midian. There he rescues Jethro's daughters, marries one of them--Zipporah--and becomes a shepherd of his father-in-law's flocks.</p>\n\n<p>In the meantime, the plight of the Children of Israel in Egypt worsens, \"and their cry rose up to G-d.\"</p>\n\n<p>As Moses is shepherding his flock, he comes upon a burning bush, in which G-d appears to him and instructs him to go to Pharaoh and demand: \"Let My people go, so that they may serve Me.\" Moses objects, citing a speech defect he acquired while in the palace, and so Moses' brother,Aaron, is appointed to serve as his spokesman. In Egypt, Moses and Aaron assemble the elders of Israel to tell them that the time of their redemption has come. The people believe; but Pharaoh refuses to let them go and even intensifies the suffering of Israel. He increases the burden of labor on his Hebrew slaves, commanding their taskmasters to cease bringing the Israelites straw to make the bricks. Now, they must go to the fields to collect the straw themselves, but maintain the same quota of brick production.</p>\n\n<p>Moses can no longer bear the pain of his brethren; he turns to G-d saying, \"Why have You done evil to this people?\" G-d promises that the redemption is close at hand, \"Now you shall see what I will do to Pharaoh; for with a strong hand shall he let them go, and with a strong hand shall he drive them out of his land.\"</p>\n\n<p>G-d then reveals Himself to Moses. Employing the \"four expressions of redemption,\" He promises to take out the Children of Israel from Egypt, deliver them from their enslavement, redeem them and acquire them as His own chosen people at Mount Sinai; He will then bring them to the Land He promised to the Patriarchs as their eternal heritage.</p>\n\n<p>The Plagues:</p>\n\n<p>Moses and Aaron repeatedly come before Pharaoh to demand in the name of G-d, \"Let My people go, so that they may serve Me in the wilderness.\" Pharaoh repeatedly refuses. Aaron's staff turns into a snake and swallows the magic sticks of the Egyptian sorcerers.</p>\n\n<p>Pharaoh still refuses to let the Jews go. Moses warns him that G-d will smite Egypt. Pharaoh remains impervious. G-d begins to send a series of plagues upon the Egyptians. In the throes of each plague, Pharaoh promises to let the Children of Israel go; but he reneges the moment the affliction is removed.</p>\n\n<p>1) Aaron strikes the Nile, the waters turn to blood;<br />\n2) Swarms of frogs overrun the land;<br />\n3) Lice infest all men and beasts. Still, Pharaoh remains stubborn;<br />\n4) Hordes of wild animals invade the cities,<br />\n5) a pestilence kills the domestic animals,<br />\n6) painful boils afflict the Egyptians.<br />\n7) Fire and ice combine to descend from the skies as a devastating hail. Still, \"the heart of Pharaoh was hardened and he would not let the children of Israel go; as G-d had said to Moses.\"</p>\n\n<p>The people of Egypt have suffered too much. They beg Pharaoh to let the Jews go. When Moses comes to warn Pharaoh of the eighth plague, Pharaoh says: You say that you want to go serve your G-d? I'll let the men go, as long as the women and children stay behind. No, says Moses, we must all go, men women and children, cattle and herds. Pharaoh once again refuses.</p>\n\n<p>The next plagues descends upon Egypt.<br />\n8) a swarm of locusts devours all the crops and greenery;<br />\n9) a thick, palpable darkness envelops the land.</p>\n\n<p>The Israelites are instructed to bring a \"Passover offering\" to G-d: a lamb or kid is to be slaughtered and its blood sprinkled on the doorposts and lintel of every Israelite home, so that G-d should pass over these homes when He comes to kill the Egyptian firstborn. The roasted meat of the offering is to be eaten that night together with matzah (unleavened bread) and bitter herbs.</p>\n\n<p>Then G-d brings the tenth plague upon Egypt,<br />\n10) all the firstborn of Egypt are killed at the stroke of midnight of the 15th of the month of Nissan.</p>\n\n<p>Exodus:</p>\n\n<p>The death of the firstborn finally breaks Pharaoh's resistance and he literally begs the Children of Israel to leave his land. Following G-d's command, they hastily depart; so hastily that there is no time for their dough to rise, and the only provisions they take along are unleavened. Before they go, they ask their Egyptian neighbors for gold, silver and garments, emerging from Egypt a wealthy nation.</p>\n\n<p>The Children of Israel are commanded to observe the anniversary of the Exodus each year by removing all leaven from their possession for seven days, eating matzah, and telling the story of their redemption to their children.</p>\n\n<p>Soon after allowing the Children of Israel to depart from Egypt, Pharaoh chases after them to force their return, and the Israelites find themselves trapped between Pharaoh's armies and the sea. G-d tells Moses to raise his staff over the water; the sea splits to allow the Israelites to pass through, and then closes over the pursuing Egyptians. Moses and the Children of Israel sing a song of praise and gratitude to G-d.</p>\n",
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"covertext": "One morning when Pharaoh awoke in his bed [pantomine stretching] There were frogs on his bed and frogs on his head [hand...",
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"body": "<p>One morning when Pharaoh awoke in his bed [pantomine stretching]<br />\nThere were frogs on his bed and frogs on his head [hands outstretched, on head]<br />\nFrogs on his nose and frogs on his toes [nose, toes]<br />\nFrogs here [one hand]<br />\nFrogs there [other hand]<br />\nFrogs were jumping everywhere. [jump all over]</p>\n",
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"covertext": "Dayenu is a song of praise referencing different historical contexts we experienced, from slavery in Egypt to the buildi...",
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"body": "<p>Dayenu is a song of praise referencing different historical contexts we experienced, from slavery in Egypt to the building of the Temple in Israel. After each verse, we sing the chorus, stating that if this was the total of God’s miraculous intervention into our lives, it would have been sufficient.</p>\n\n<p>One of the primary purposes of the Passover Seder is to make us feel as if we personally experienced the exodus from Egypt and the redemption from slavery to freedom. This is no less true for the way we understand the Dayenu song. Dayenu provides a powerful contemporary hashkafah (outlook on life), a call to mindfulness about the way we currently lead our lives.</p>\n\n<p>As a way of engaging with the story,one Sephardic tradition is to stand during Dayenu and hit each other with green onions during the chorus. This tradition makes a mockery of our Egyptian task masters, by mimicking their cruelty in a playful way.</p>\n\n<p>Discussion topic:</p>\n\n<p>What can we be greatfull for in our lives and say \"Dayenu\" \"it is enough?\"</p>\n",
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"covertext": "Nine Holy Words Rabbi Shraga Simmons There is a beautiful story told about Rabbi Levi Yitzhak, an 18th century tzaddik...",
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"body": "<p>Nine Holy Words</p>\n\n<p> <em>Rabbi Shraga Simmons</em> </p>\n\n<p>There is a beautiful story told about Rabbi Levi Yitzhak, an 18th century tzaddik who lived in the Russian village of Berditchev.</p>\n\n<p>It was the day before Passover and Rabbi Levi Yitzhak called his students together. He instructed them as follows: \"Go around to each Jewish home in Berditchev and bring me all Turkish tobacco, Austrian silk and chametz (bread or crumbs) that you can find.\"</p>\n\n<p>\"But rabbi,\" they protested. \"Everyone knows that Russia is at war with Turkey and Austria – and possession of tobacco and silk is strictly forbidden!\"</p>\n\n<p>Still, the rabbi insisted and the students went looking for tobacco, silk and chametz.</p>\n\n<p>Later that evening, the students returned to Rabbi Levi Yitzhak, carrying various containers of Turkish tobacco and rolls of Austrian silk. \"But,\" they reported, \"we could find no chametz.\"</p>\n\n<p>Rabbi Levi Yitzhak looked heavenward and said, \"Almighty God! The Russian Czar has his army stationed at the borders and in the towns – a million armed soldiers ready to arrest anyone who violates the decree of possessing this contraband. While You, God, have nine holy words in the Torah stating to remove bread from the house on Passover. How righteous are Your people Israel, who are faithfully observe Your mitzvot!\"</p>\n",
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"covertext": "Having an orange on the Seder plate is a new tradition, and not found in every household. It all started with a story fr...",
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"body": "<p>Having an orange on the Seder plate is a new tradition, and not found in every household.</p>\n\n<p>It all started with a story from Oberlin College in the early 1980's. Dr. Susannah Heschel was speaking at the Hillel, and while there, she came across a <em>haggadah </em> written by some Oberlin students to bring a feminist voice into the holiday. In it, a story is told about a young girl who asks a <em>Rebbe </em> what room there is in Judaism for a lesbian. The Rebbe rises in anger and shouts, \"There's as much room for a lesbian in Judaism as there is for a crust of bread on the Seder plate.\"</p>\n\n<p>Though Heschel was inspired by the idea behind the story, she couldn't follow it literally. Besides the fact that it would make everything-the dish, the table, the meal, the house-unkosher for Passover, it carried a message that lesbians were a violation of Judaism itself, that these women were infecting the community with something impure.</p>\n\n<p>So, the next year, Heschel put an orange on the family Seder plate, \"I chose an orange because it suggests the fruitfulness for all Jews when lesbians and gay men are contributing and active members of Jewish life.\"</p>\n\n<p>The symbolism grew to include people who feel marginalized from the Jewish community: the widow, the orphan, women's issues in general, but solidarity with the gay and lesbian Jewish community was at the core. It wasn't a navel orange; it had to have seeds to symbolize rebirth, renewal. And spitting out the seeds reminds us to spit out the hatred and ostracization of homosexuals in our community, and others who feel prejudice's sting. The orange is segmented, not fragmented. Our community has discrete segments, but they form a whole. The symbolism of the orange may have expanded, but its origins are clearly from a desire to liberate an entire segment of our community from their painful <em>mitzrayim </em> - narrow place.</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:right;\">Discussion Topic:</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:right;\">How can we make our community more excepting for those who feel marginalized?</p>\n\n<p style=\"text-align:right;\">How can we preserve our traditions and still embrace change?</p>\n",
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"covertext": "Understanding Life's Bitterness Rabbi Shraga Simmons The story is told of the farmer whose horse ran away. All the peopl...",
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"body": "<p>Understanding Life's Bitterness</p>\n\n<p>Rabbi Shraga Simmons</p>\n\n<p>The story is told of the farmer whose horse ran away. All the people of the village came to console him. \"Oy vey, your horse ran away.\" \"I don't know,\" said the farmer. \"Maybe it's bad, maybe it's not.\" A few days later, the horse returned home with an entire stable-full of wild horses that it had befriended along the way. All the villagers came to congratulate him. \"Oh, such good luck ― your horse ran away and now you've got a whole stable full!\" \"I don't know,\" said the farmer. \"Maybe it's good, maybe it's not.\" A few days later, the farmer's son was out riding one of the wild horses, and got thrown off ― breaking his leg. All the villagers came to console him. \"Oy vey, your son broke his leg.\" \"I don't know,\" said the farmer. \"Maybe it's bad, maybe it's not.\" A few days later, the government sent representatives to the village with orders to draft every able-bodied young man into the army. All the sons were taken away, except for the farmer's son who had a broken leg. \"Now I know,\" said the farmer. \"It's good that my horse ran away.\"</p>\n\n<p>The commentators ask: Of the three items in the Haggadah ― \"Passover, Matzah and Marror\" ― why is Marror listed last? Passover and matzah are symbols of our freedom ― while Marror, which represents slavery, should chronologically be listed first! Marror is mentioned last because human nature is such that ― even though we intellectually may know that the bitterness is ultimately for the best, still we can't appreciate it while we're \"in it\" ― rather only when looking back!</p>\n",
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"covertext": "CHAD GADYA (2)Aramaic Chad gadya, chad gadya. dizabin aba bitrei zuzei, chad gadya, chad gadya. Va'ata shunra, ve'achla...",
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"body": "<p><strong>CHAD GADYA (2)</strong>Aramaic</p>\n\n<p>Chad gadya, chad gadya.<br />\ndizabin aba bitrei zuzei,<br />\nchad gadya, chad gadya.</p>\n\n<p>Va'ata shunra,<br />\nve'achla legadya<br />\ndizabin aba bitrei zuzei,<br />\nchad gadya, chad gadya.</p>\n\n<p>Va'ata chalba,<br />\nvenashach leshunra<br />\nde'achla legadya<br />\ndizabin aba bitrei zuzei,<br />\nchad gadya, chad gadya.</p>\n\n<p>Va'ata chutra,<br />\nvehikah lechalba,<br />\ndenashach leshunra<br />\nde'achla legadya<br />\ndizabin aba bitrei zuzei,<br />\nchad gadya, chad gadya.</p>\n\n<p>Va'ata nura,<br />\nvesaraf lechutra,<br />\ndehikah lechalba,<br />\ndenashach leshunra<br />\nde'achla legadya<br />\ndizabin aba bitrei zuzei,<br />\nchad gadya, chad gadya.</p>\n\n<p>Va'ata maya,<br />\nvekavah lenura,<br />\ndesaraf lechutra,<br />\ndehikah lechalba,<br />\ndenashach leshunra<br />\nde'achla legadya<br />\ndizabin aba bitrei zuzei,<br />\nchad gadya, chad gadya.</p>\n\n<p>Va'ata tora,<br />\nveshatah lemaya,<br />\ndekavah lenura,<br />\ndesaraf lechutra,<br />\ndehikah lechalba,<br />\ndenashach leshunra<br />\nde'achla legadya<br />\ndizabin aba bitrei zuzei,<br />\nchad gadya, chad gadya.</p>\n\n<p>Va'ata hashochet,<br />\nveshachat letora,<br />\ndeshatah lemaya,<br />\ndekavah lenura,<br />\ndesaraf lechutra,<br />\ndehikah lechalba,<br />\ndenashach leshunra<br />\nde'achla legadya<br />\ndizabin aba bitrei zuzei,<br />\nchad gadya, chad gadya.</p>\n\n<p>Va'ata mal'ach hamavet,<br />\nveshachat leshochet,<br />\ndeshachat letora,<br />\ndeshatah lemaya,<br />\ndekavah lenura,<br />\ndesaraf lechutra,<br />\ndehikah lechalba,<br />\ndenashach leshunra<br />\nde'achla legadya<br />\ndizabin aba bitrei zuzei,<br />\nchad gadya, chad gadya.</p>\n\n<p>Va'ata HaKadosh Baruch-Hu,<br />\nveshachat lemal'ach hamavet,<br />\ndeshachat leshochet,<br />\ndeshachat letora,<br />\ndeshatah lemaya,<br />\ndekavah lenura,<br />\ndesaraf lechutra,<br />\ndehikah lechalba,<br />\ndenashach leshunra<br />\nde'achla legadya<br />\ndizabin aba bitrei zuzei,<br />\nchad gadya, chad gadya.</p>\n\n<p><strong>ONE LITTLE GOAT</strong></p>\n\n<p>One little goat, one little goat.<br />\nThat Father bought for two zuzim,<br />\none little goat, one little goat.</p>\n\n<p>Then came a cat<br />\nand ate the goat,<br />\nThat Father bought for two zuzim,<br />\none little goat, one little goat.</p>\n\n<p>Then came a dog<br />\nand bit the cat,<br />\nthat ate the goat,<br />\nThat Father bought for two zuzim,<br />\none little goat, one little goat.</p>\n\n<p>Then came a stick<br />\nand beat the dog,<br />\nthat bit the cat,<br />\nthat ate the goat,<br />\nThat Father bought for two zuzim,<br />\none little goat, one little goat.</p>\n\n<p>Then came fire<br />\nand burnt the stick,<br />\nthat beat the dog,<br />\nthat bit the cat,<br />\nthat ate the goat,<br />\nThat Father bought for two zuzim,<br />\none little goat, one little goat.</p>\n\n<p>Then came water<br />\nand quenched the fire,<br />\nthat burnt the stick,<br />\nthat beat the dog,<br />\nthat bit the cat,<br />\nthat ate the goat,<br />\nThat Father bought for two zuzim,<br />\none little goat, one little goat.</p>\n\n<p>Then came the ox<br />\nand drank the water,<br />\nthat quenched the fire,<br />\nthat burnt the stick,<br />\nthat beat the dog,<br />\nthat bit the cat,<br />\nthat ate the goat,<br />\nThat Father bought for two zuzim,<br />\none little goat, one little goat.</p>\n\n<p>Then came the slaughterer<br />\nand slaughtered the ox,<br />\nthat drank the water,<br />\nthat quenched the fire,<br />\nthat burnt the stick,<br />\nthat beat the dog,<br />\nthat bit the cat,<br />\nthat ate the goat,<br />\nThat Father bought for two zuzim,<br />\none little goat, one little goat.</p>\n\n<p>Then came the Angel of Death<br />\nand killed the slaughterer,<br />\nthat slaughtered the ox,<br />\nthat drank the water,<br />\nthat quenched the fire,<br />\nthat burnt the stick,<br />\nthat beat the dog,<br />\nthat bit the cat,<br />\nthat ate the goat,<br />\nThat Father bought for two zuzim,<br />\none little goat, one little goat.</p>\n\n<p>Then came the Holy One, Blessed be He<br />\nand slew the the Angel of Death,<br />\nthat killed the slaughterer,<br />\nthat slaughtered the ox,<br />\nthat drank the water,<br />\nthat quenched the fire,<br />\nthat burnt the stick,<br />\nthat beat the dog,<br />\nthat bit the cat,<br />\nthat ate the goat,<br />\nThat Father bought for two zuzim,<br />\none little goat, one little goat.</p>\n",
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"covertext": "וְעָנִ֨יתָ וְאָמַרְתָּ֜ לִפְנֵ֣י ׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ אֲרַמִּי֙אֹבֵ֣ד אָבִ֔י וַיֵּ֣רֶד מִצְרַ֔יְמָה וַיָּ֥גָר שָׁ֖ם בִּמ...",
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"body": "<p>וְעָנִ֨יתָ וְאָמַרְתָּ֜ לִפְנֵ֣י ׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ אֲרַמִּי֙אֹבֵ֣ד אָבִ֔י וַיֵּ֣רֶד מִצְרַ֔יְמָה וַיָּ֥גָר שָׁ֖ם בִּמְתֵ֣ימְעָ֑ט וַֽיְהִי־שָׁ֕ם לְג֥וֹי גָּד֖וֹל עָצ֥וּם וָרָֽב</p>\n\n<p>And thou shalt speak and say before the LORD thy God: ‘A wandering Aramean was my father, and he went down into Egypt, and sojourned there, few in number; and he became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous.</p>\n\n<p>We are Commanded to recite this on Passover as the priests recited it when bringing the sacrifice of first fruits to the temple, but what does it mean, and why is it important? Who was the \"wandering Aramean?\"</p>\n\n<p>\"Like many things, there are multiple possible answers to this question. The pshat is that this is the first line of a speech given by a person bringing their bikurim (first fruits) as an offering to the temple. Take a look at Deut 26.5-10 and note the whole speech. It's basically a brief synopsis of Jewish history - our forefathers went down to Egypt, were enslaved, hashem brought us out and took us to Israel, therefore I am bringing this offering to hashem. (According to this interpretation, the Aramean was either Abraham or Yaakov - see below). The declaration is made in front of hashem and the cohen because this is the individual making an offering to hashem and making a public declaration of his attachment to hashem along with it. The second (very well known) answer is the midrashic one that originates in the Mechilta. The Mechilta interprets this entire section midrashically (as I suppose one would expect from a midrashic source) and interprets this line as meaning \"An Aramean tried to destroy my father\", referring to Laban. The instructions for the Pesach seder in the Mishnah (Pesachim 10:4) says to drash from the line \"Arami Oved Avi\" until the end of the section. Ultimately the drash from the Mechilta became the commonly used text for this exercise, and since it's printed in the haggadah it has become extremely well known. In case you're curious what some of the meforshim say, Rashbam says the Aramean was Abraham, and Seforno says the Aramean was Yaakov. Rashi quotes the midrashic interpretation and says the Aramean was Laban. \"</p>\n\n\n\n<p>Discussion Question:</p>\n\n<p>How does the interpretation of Deuteronomy/דברים 26:5 Change the telling of the Passover story?</p>\n\n<p>Do we create our own destiny and greatness, or are we the result of our circumstances?</p>\n",
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The Ten Plagues
Haggadah Section: -- Ten Plagues
The Ten Plagues
We remove one drop of wine from our cups with each plague as we think of those who were lost for our freedom.
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