Ha Lachma Anya
There are several important questions associated with הא לחמא עניא:
- Why is this section written in Aramaic, whereas the rest of the Haggodoh is written in Loshon Hakodesh?
- Why is this declaration the prelude to the entire section of Maagid?
- Why is the ending of the paragraph comprised of two double clauses (“This year we are here; next year in the land of Israel. This year we are slaves; next year we will be free people”)
- Why are we declaring “all whom are hungry can come and eat” when sitting in the privacy of our home? What worth is that?
Malbim explains: Historically, this section of the Haggodoh is the oldest. The declaration was first made during the Babylonian exile in the years between the first and second Beis Hamikdash. At the time, the spoken language was Aramaic. It was announced on Erev Pesach in a public square where everyone could hear it. To the credit of those announcing, the entire declaration was arranged in a way to cause the least amount of embarrassment to a pauper who could not afford to prepare a Pesach Seder on their own. The announcers would make the declaration until the words "כל דכפין"- a general open ended invitation that all those that wanted to fulfill the Mitzva of אכילת מצה (hence, the words, "כל דכפין", which literally means to be forced, i.e. all those that are required to eat…) The invitation is not calling attention to their deprivation, it is as if announcing the opportunity for all those that need to fulfill a Mitzva as if any other Mitzva .
When the second Beis Hamikdash was built they continued to this beautiful tradition with an addendum. With the return of a Beis Hamikdash they now had the reinstated Mitzva of Korban Pesach. They subsequently added the next clause of "כל דצריך". It was then they stopped saying לשנה הבא וכו' for they were back in א"י. They were, however, under foreign dominion, hence the clause "השתא עבדי". When the second Beis Hamkidash was destroyed the nation returned to saying both clauses in memory of this beautiful custom.
The universal custom is to lift the Seder plate during the recital of הא לחמא עניא. Why?
The Seder plate is something special. The seven items we place on the Seder plate represent and contain within the entire rags to riches story of our salvation and meteoric rise from a state of absolute degradation to the very cusp of nobility and glory. We hold the Seder plate up as a sign of our incredulity at the entire story. We realize that, then as now, we are beneficiaries of a limitless Creator who is orchestrating our lives and the world around us with absolute love and attention. It is noteworthy that we declare our readiness to invite guests in this paragraph. Taking the lesson from our Creator, we therefore turn to our less fortunate brethren at this point and invite in all who cannot celebrate this evening on their own.
This is a form of giving hope to the downtrodden at the very outset of the meal. Our declaration of willingness to extend a helping hand assures a demoralized brother or sister that they too will merit a veritable exodus from their personal problems. A person can only feel another’s pain when they themselves have been in such a situation. We therefore begin the Seder by recounting our national travails.
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